骨桥蛋白在雄性哺乳动物生殖系统中的作用

骨桥蛋白(OPN)为一种多功能的细胞外基质蛋白,在多种组织及体液中广泛表达,参与各项生理及病理过程。同时,OPN也表达于女性及男性的生殖系统,参与了胚胎的着床、生长发育及分化等生殖过程。近年来研究表明,OPN普遍存在于雄性哺乳动物的生殖系统中,并与雄性动物的生育力有着密切的关系,可能影响精子的质量及其受精过程等。对OPN相关功能的研究将有助于解释男性不育的机制,提高辅助生殖技术的成功率。     

The effects of teaching basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation--a comparison between first and sixth year medical students

The purpose of this study was to check if medical students of one of the Universities of Medical Sciences in Poland are prepared to do basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The research was undertaken on groups of 50 first year students and 50 sixth year students at the time when they take an exam. To have wider insight into students' ability to perform basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation, quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Students' knowledge of resuscitation was checked by a written test including open questions, their skills of doing resuscitation were checked on manikins. Students also completed a questionnaire. The results showed that first year medical students have a better knowledge of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation compared with sixth year students. The skills of advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation are better in sixth year students compared with first year students. The study showed that skills of ventilation and chest compressions need more practice. The students' own estimation of the ability to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation both in the first and sixth years is very high, but it does not correlate with their knowledge and skills. Our conclusions indicate the need to improve the programme of teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation with a refresher course in theory and skills at least once a year.     

单向高激励次数序列对肝脏DWI图像质量及表观弥散系数的影响

目的 观察单向高激励次数（NEX）序列对肝脏DWI图像质量及表观弥散系数（ADC）的影响。方法 对21例肝脏疾病患者（疾病组）和26名志愿者（健康组）采集单向高NEX序列及常规序列DWI图像，对比不同序列DWI及ADC图像质量主观评分，包括显示病灶、解剖结构和伪影情况；测量肝左、右叶肝实质及病灶的信噪比（SNR）及ADC，计算变异系数（CV）。结果 2组DWI和ADC图像中，单向高NEX序列肝左叶伪影评分均高于常规序列（P均<0.05）；肝左叶实质单向高NEX序列SNR均高于常规序列（P均<0.05）。2组左、右叶肝实质及疾病组肝左、右叶病灶高NEX序列和常规序列的ADC差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）；单向高NEX序列CV均低于常规序列（P均<0.05）。结论 采用单向高NEX序列可在不影响ADC的前提下提高肝左叶DWI图像质量。     

Characterizing the impact of spatial clustering of susceptibility for measles elimination

Measles elimination efforts are primarily focused on achieving and maintaining national vaccination coverage goals, based on estimates of the critical vaccination threshold (V_c): the proportion of the population that must be immune to prevent sustained epidemics. Traditionally, V_c estimates assume evenly mixing populations, an invalid assumption. If susceptible individuals preferentially contact one another, communities may remain vulnerable to epidemics even when vaccination coverage targets are met at the national level. Here we present a simple method to estimate V_c and the effective reproductive number, R, while accounting for spatial clustering of susceptibility. For measles, assuming R₀?=?15 and 95% population immunity, adjustment for high clustering of susceptibility increases R from 0.75 to 1.29, V_c from 93% to 96%, and outbreak probability after a single introduction from <1% to 23%. The impact of clustering remains minimal until vaccination coverage nears elimination levels. We illustrate our approach using Demographic and Health Survey data from Tanzania and show how non-vaccination clustering potentially contributed to continued endemic transmission of measles virus during the last two decades. Our approach demonstrates why high national vaccination coverage sometimes fails to achieve measles elimination, and that a shift from national to subnational focus is needed as countries approach elimination.     

Split‐hand phenomenon in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A motor unit number index study

Introduction: The split‐hand phenomenon refers to preferential wasting of the thenar muscles with relative sparing of the hypothenar muscles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: We compared the split‐hand index (SI) calculated from the compound muscle action potential (CMAP; SI_CMAP) with that calculated from the motor unit number index (MUNIX; SI_MUNIX). We performed MUNIX on the abductor policis brevis (APB), first dorsal interosseous (FDI), and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles of 39 ALS patients and 40 age‐matched, healthy controls. SI is derived by multiplying the CMAP (or MUNIX) recorded over the APB and FDI and dividing by the CMAP (or MUNIX) recorded over the ADM. Results: Receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis revealed good diagnostic accuracy for both indices, but better performance of SI_MUNIX than SI_CMAP. Conclusion: SI_MUNIX and SI_CMAP were useful in differentiating ALS patients from healthy controls. SI_MUNIX appears to be a better electrophysiological marker than SI_CMAP for the split‐hand sign of ALS. Muscle Nerve 53 : 885–888, 2016     

新疆乌鲁木齐市男男性行为人群HIV传播动力学的预测和分析

目的建立人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染传播动力学模型,评估男男性行为(MSM)人群HIV感染状况,并预测未来十年新疆乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV的流行趋势,为制定合适的防控措施提供定量依据。方法利用新疆乌鲁木齐市2009—2017年MSM人群HIV的监测数据,建立HIV传播的动力学模型。通过模型分析得到决定疾病传播与否的基本再生数R0,并用收集和估计的参数对模型进行数值模拟,分析乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV的流行状况。结果建立的MSM人群HIV的传播动力学模型拟合效果合理[平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)=10.89%,均方根百分比误差(RMSPE)=25.74%],基本再生数R0≈0.2616(95%CI:0.2394～0.9299),该模型预测2027年乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV的阳性率下降至2%。参数敏感性分析发现,由低危易感者发展成为高危易感者的比例、由HIV感染者发展成为艾滋病患者的比例和高危易感者发展成为低危易感者的比例是影响MSM人群HIV流行的主要因素。结论乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV感染呈现持续流行,相关部门应加强对MSM人群的防控,推广安全套的使用,加强宣传教育等综合性干预措施,控制MSM人群HIV的流行。     

浅析基层医院临床药师绩效考核指标体系的构建

目的：为提高对临床药师工作绩效考核的客观性和公正性提供参考。方法：采用客观方法,查阅相关文献报道,并结合临床药师的能力,制订考核的内容,构建临床药师绩效考核指标体系。结果与结论：我部以业绩和部分工作质量指标作为关键绩效指标,通过分值占总分的比重体现指标的权重,对临床药师的业绩和工作质量进行综合评价。并建议在实际应用中,根据情况变化对内容和权重做出调整。     

A selective sweep in a Varroa destructor resistant honeybee (Apis mellifera) population

The mite Varroa destructor is one of the most dangerous parasites of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) causing enormous colony losses worldwide. Various chemical treatments for the control of the Varroa mite are currently in use, which, however, lead to residues in bee products and often to resistance in mites. This facilitated the exploration of alternative treatment methods and breeding for mite resistant honeybees has been in focus for breeders in many parts of the world with variable results.Another approach has been applied to a honeybee population on Gotland (Sweden) that was exposed to natural selection and survived Varroa-infestation for more than 10 years without treatment. Eventually this population became resistant to the parasite by suppressing the reproduction of the mite. A previous QTL mapping study had identified a region on chromosome 7 with major loci contributing to the mite resistance. Here, a microsatellite scan of the significant candidate QTL regions was used to investigate potential footprints of selection in the original population by comparing the study population on Gotland before (2000) and after selection (2007). Genetic drift had caused an extreme loss of genetic diversity in the 2007 population for all genetic markers tested. In addition to this overall reduction of heterozygosity, two loci on chromosome 7 showed an even stronger and significant reduction in diversity than expected from genetic drift alone. Within the selective sweep eleven genes are annotated, one of them being a putative candidate to interfere with reduced mite reproduction. A glucose–methanol–choline oxidoreductase (GMCOX18) might be involved in changing volatiles emitted by bee larvae that might be essential to trigger oogenesis in Varroa.     

实习护生对护理操作项目兴趣的调查分析

目的：了解实习护生对基础护理操作项目的兴趣程度并分析其原因,为学校和临床老师的带教提供帮助。方法：采用调查表对实习护生进行问卷调查,了解其对基础护理操作的兴趣程度,及对护士职业的社会地位和发展前景的看法。结果：护生们较感兴趣大多是静脉输液等专业性较强的操作,不感兴趣的大多是床上洗头、吸痰等生活和排泄方面的操作;本科生感兴趣人数的百分比要比专科生明显偏低。结论：护生对基础护理操作项目的兴趣大小与专业思想稳定与否、操作项目的技术含量大小、工作内容的重复单调以及学历的高低有关。     

基因重组促卵泡激素(FSH)与尿源性FSH用于体外受精-胚胎移植的Meta分析

目的:比较体外受精(IVF)或卵胞质内单精子注射(ICSI)治疗周期基因重组促卵泡激素(rFSH)与尿源性促卵泡激素(uFSH)在控制性促排卵(COS)中的有效性。方法:检索Pub Med、EMBASE、Cochrane,CNKI及万方数据库中自rFSH上市至2013.09前发表的文章,收集rFSH与uFSH在IVF或ICSI中应用的随机对照研究,对纳入的研究进行质量评价,提取数据,采用Rev Man5.2软件对IVF或ICSI治疗周期的获卵数、FSH总用量、周期出生率、临床妊娠率、持续妊娠率、卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS)的相对有效性进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入21篇研究,6 496个周期。总体上,rFSH较uFSH获卵数更多,FSH总用药量更少,差异有显著统计学意义;周期出生率和临床妊娠率r FSH和u FSH之间无显著性差异。结论:rFSH较uFSH在辅助生殖中具有更好的COS有效性。